MAC Address

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MAC Address

A MAC address (Media Access Control address) is a unique identifier assigned to the network interface card (NIC) of a device. It is used in networking to identify devices on a local area network (LAN). MAC addresses operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and are essential for communication within a network segment.


A MAC address is usually 48 bits (6 bytes) long and typically represented in hexadecimal format, such as 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E or 00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E. The first 24 bits represent the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) assigned to the manufacturer, while the last 24 bits are unique to the device. This helps in identifying both the manufacturer and the specific device.


There are two main types of MAC addresses:


Unicast – Used to identify a single device.


Multicast/Broadcast – Used to send packets to multiple or all devices.


MAC addresses are static and usually hard-coded into hardware, although they can sometimes be changed using software (called MAC spoofing).


MAC addresses are essential for Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks. For instance, when a device connects to a Wi-Fi router, the router uses the MAC address to assign an IP address and control access (e.g., through MAC filtering).


They play a crucial role in ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), which maps IP addresses to MAC addresses for proper routing of packets in a LAN.


In summary, a MAC address uniquely identifies a device on a network, ensuring reliable communication and helping with security, network management, and traffic control.

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