Final Keyword

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Final Keyword

The final keyword in Java is used to declare constants or restrict modifications. It can be applied to variables, methods, and classes.

Final Variable:

When a variable is declared as final, its value cannot be changed once assigned. It becomes a constant.

java

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final int age = 25;

age = 30; // Error: cannot assign a value to final variable

Final Method:

A method marked as final cannot be overridden by subclasses. This ensures the original method behavior is preserved.

java

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class Animal {

    final void sound() {

        System.out.println("Animal sound");

    }

}

class Dog extends Animal {

    // void sound() { } // Error: Cannot override final method

}

Final Class:

A class declared as final cannot be inherited. This is used to prevent further extension.

java

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final class Vehicle {

    void start() {

        System.out.println("Vehicle started");

    }

}

// class Car extends Vehicle { } // Error: Cannot inherit from final class

Uses of final:

To define constants

To ensure method logic is not modified

To prevent inheritance for security or design reasons

Conclusion:

The final keyword improves code security, readability, and consistency by avoiding unwanted changes in variables, methods, or classes. It’s widely used in secure and well-structured Java applications.

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Abstraction

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